Climate Change Update at 21st Century Tech Blog: Three North American Environmental Challenges That Need Addressing

In the last week four reports have made the headlines with human induced climate change playing a principal role in each.

The headlines:

• Great Lakes Region Stressed;
• Drought Continues in American Heartland;
• Mississippi-Missouri River System At Record Low Water Levels;
• December Heat Means 2012 the Hottest Year on Record in the U.S.

Great Lakes Stressed Out by More Than Climate Change

So states a report published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences on Monday, December 17, 2012. The report, entitled, Joint analysis of stressors and ecosystem services to enhance restoration effectiveness, looks at human efforts to date to attempt restoration of North America's Great Lakes environment through remediation projects.

What makes these lakes unique is that they contain more than 80% of the surface freshwater found in North America. The lakes are critical to the cities and towns that line their shores. They contribute to millions of jobs and generate tens of billions of dollars in income for Americans and Canadians. Recreational fishing alone generates $7 billion each year. They are used for recreation and are home for numerous species of birds, fish, mammals, reptiles, amphibians and insect life. I live in Toronto, the largest city of the Great Lakes region and am very aware of the importance Lake Ontario plays in my city and the region.

The report states that Lake Ontario, the most downstream of the lakes, the one with the largest population inhabiting its shoreline, is experiencing the highest levels of stress based on a measure of 34 indices. These stressors measured impacts on shoreline and near-shore lake habitats, water quality, coastal development, runoff from the land, biodiversity, fisheries, pollutants, and invasive species counts.

The influence of climate change as a stressor could be seen in a lessening of winter ice, deep water warming, lower water levels from less precipitation and higher evaporation rates because of warmer atmospheric temperatures. For the Great Lakes region, the researchers report that any existing or future remediation projects aimed at curing one or more of the stressors may be insufficient to overcome the impact of climate change. So now I'm stressed!

In this map of the Great Lakes the color red indicates areas of the lakes that have the greatest accumulated stress. Lake Ontario, the most easterly and downstream is the one being most impacted. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

In the Mid-Western Heartland of U.S. Agriculture Drought Conditions Continue

Whacky weather has become the norm throughout much of North America. Hurricane Sandy is only one manifestation. The prolonged drought is another. From the Rocky Mountains to the Mississippi River valley, from the Dakotas to Texas, drought is impacting 80% of U.S. farms, destroying crops and killing livestock, bankrupting farmers and ranchers, and affecting the small business communities that serve them.

Currently, 52.4% of the contiguous United States is declared to be experiencing moderate to exceptional drought conditions. Those areas of the country experience the most extreme drought increased 8% from October 2012, with November ranked as the 20th warmest and 8th driest on record based on data collected since 1895.

This map clearly illustrates the severity of drought conditions throughout the Mid-Western United States. Source: NOAA

The drought has caused wells to run dry and is contributing to higher prices for meat and dairy products. At the same time the river systems and aquifers that provide irrigation water are seeing dropping water levels.

It may have taken Hurricane Sandy to make the majority of Americans finally accept that climate change is with us and impacting the United States significantly, but it is the drought that may redefine American agriculture for the foreseeable future. Also of interest, Oklahoma, which is experiencing the worst drought conditions in 90% of the state, is represented by Jim Inhofe, who sits on the environmental committee of the U.S. Senate, and who repeatedly has argued that global warming and climate change are hoaxes. Maybe the Senator should look at some maps!

What Do Record Low Water Levels on the Mississippi Mean for America?

The drought that is impacting the American Midwest is having an impact on transportation. How so? The Mississippi-Missouri-Ohio river system is the transportation hub of the United States. There is no comparable river transport system on any other continent on Earth. Ships can easily navigate along 40,000 kilometers (25,000 miles) of the river system, reaching as far north as Minneapolis-St. Paul on the Mississippi, and as far west as Kansas City on the Missouri. Barges can go even further. The total navigable river system covers the following states: Arkansas, Colorado, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Tennessee, West Virginia, Wisconsin and Wyoming.

But the drought has brought water levels down to what are projected to be historic lows in the month of December. The river's choke point today is south of St. Louis where rocks normally well below the river surface are posing a threat to navigation. This is causing shipping companies to reduce traffic and lighten loads on barges so that they float higher. Many stretches of the river system are reduced to one-way traffic to create a greater margin of safety. The economic consequences are large. If navigation has to be shut down at year end it will impact the movement of vital commodities including cement, coal, grain, steel, chemicals, and petroleum equipment and products. At this time last year the Mississippi was 6 meters (20 feet) deeper around St. Louis than it is today.

This graph tracks water depth of the Mississippi river at St. Louis showing changes from 1950 to 2012. The driest year on record was 1953 and currently we are looking at low water levels approaching what was experienced then. Source: Army Corps of Engineers

December Weather Continues the Climate Trend - 2012 Will be the Hottest Year on Record for America

And not just the United States but Canada as well. North America is feeling the heat. If it is not global warming then I don't know what it is. The year 2012 represents, according to climatologists, a watershed year for climate change. More super storms, more wildfires, more drought, more buckled pavement and potholes, more warped steel rail lines, and certainly more heat. And scientists are saying even if the latter part of the month between now and the New Year should suddenly get cold it won't be enough to offset the entire year's increased warmth. So they are placing a bet that they are 99.999999999% sure that the year will end with 2012 the hottest on record since 1895 when records were first kept.

Here in Canada it is not too different, at least not in Ontario where I live. We continue to experience record warmth with no snow in sight in Toronto and Christmas just a week away. It has been this way much of the year north of the 49th parallel and the Great Lakes. Almost freaky with so many heat records falling, and not just daytime highs but evening low temperatures that are significantly higher than normal.

On the lighter side I guess it means another green Christmas here where I live. But for the United States the record heat, combined with drought conditions in many areas of the country, does not bode well for the country and the continent.

Do you think it's time to address climate change in a meaningful way? I'd say so!

Source: Climate Central.